Daga: Awwal Ahmad Janyau
Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin Ƙarni na 10, wacce ta haɗa da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.
Shehun Borno na yanzu Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai.
Daular Kanem ta El-Kanemi ta samo asali ne daga Daular Saifuwa.
Masana tarihi sun ce, mutanen Saifuwa daga Yemen ne suka fara kafa Daular Musulunci a Borno, tsawon shekaru 1000 da suka gabata.
Muhammad al-Amin El-Kanemi ya kafa Daular Kanem ne a ƙarni na 18, bayan kawar da Daular Saifuwa waɗanda Sarakunanta suka yi mulki shekaru da dama.
Asalin Kalmar Borno
Rubuce-rubucen masana tarihi sun nuna cewa, Kalmar Borno ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin Larabci, “Bahar Nur” wato ma’ana; Kogin Haske.
Kuma saboda kasancewar Borno gidan Al-kur’ani gidan Musulunci ne dalilin ke nan da ya sa Sarakunan farko suke kiranta “Bahar Nur,” ma’ana; Kogin Haske na Musulunci.
Masanin tarihi Alhaji Zanna Hassan Boguma ya ce, Ibn Khaldun ya ambaci “Bahar Nur” a rubuce-rubucensa na tarihin musulunci a Afirka.
Tushen Borno
Tarihi ya nuna cewa, Kanuri da suka kafa Borno daga Yemen suka fito, wato tsatson wani Sarki da aka yi a Yemen, Said Ibn Dhi Yazan da ake kira Malik al-Himyari tun kafin zamanin Annabi SAW, wanda ya kafa Daloli a India da Pasha.
Shehu Umar Kura Ibn Shehu Muhammad Al-Amin El-Kanemi Sarki na biyu a Daular El-Kanemi.
Tarihi ya nuna mutanen Ibn Dhi Yazan, su na cikin waɗanda suka amince su ba Sahabban Annabi SAW mafaka bayan hijirarsa daga Makkah zuwa Madina.
Yemen ne asalin Kanurin da suka kafa mulki a Borno daga Daular Saifuwa a cewar Zanna Hassan Boguma.
Borno a Zamanin Sahabbai
Daular Borno ta yi zamani da Sahabbai, kuma masanin tarihi Alhaji Zanna Hassan Boguma ya ce, Daular ta kafu ne tun kafin zuwan Annabi SAW.
A cewarsa tarihi ya nuna Sarakunan Borno sun aika da wasiƙa su na neman Malamai da za su koyar da addini zuwa ga Amr al-As Gwamnan Misra, wanda shi kuma ya tura Uqba Ibn Nafi.
“Sarakunan Borno sun karɓi Malamai daga wajen Ibn Nafi a zamanin Sayyadina Umar RA.”
Taswirar yankunan Tsohuwar Daular Borno
Amma Zanna Hassan Boguma ya ce, wasu Littattafan tarihi sun nuna cewa, a zamanin Sayyadina Usman RA ne.
Sai dai Farfesa Adam Muhammad Ajiri ya ce, Gwamnan Daular Maghrib a Arewacin Afirka Uqba Ibn Nafi yaƙinsa har ya kawo Borno a shekarar 666, kuma zamanin Khulafa’ur Rashidun ya fara ne daga 632 har zuwa 660.
Ya ce, ba za a iya cewa sun yi zamani da Sahabbai ba, amma ana ganin wataƙila a lokacin akwai Daular Musulunci a Borno, ko da yake an fi tabbatarwa a zamanin Umayyad daga 661 zuwa 750.
“A lokacin akwai binciken da ya nuna daga shekarar 661 zuwa 670 akwai Malamai daga Daular Umayyad da suka shigo yankin Maghrib har suka iso Borno,” in ji Farfesa Ajiri.
Saifuwa a Borno da Kafuwar ElKanemi
Saifuwa su ne asalin Sarautar Borno, kuma Zanna Boguma ya ce, dalilin da ya sa ake kiransu Saifuwa saboda sun fito ne daga Said Ibn Dhi Yazan.
Tarihi ya nuna Saifuwa sun yi Sarauta sama da shekaru 1000, inda suka yi sarakuna kimanin 113, tun kafin ƙarni na bakwai.
Farfesa Ajiri ya ce, bayan Saifuwa sun ci Zaghawa da yaƙi ne suka kafa Daular Musulunci a Borno, kuma sun kafa Daular ne daga wajajen ƙarni na shida.
Sarakunan farko a Daular Saifuwa sun haɗa da Mai Dugu a shekarar 785 da Mai Fune a shekarar 835 da Mai Aritso a 893, da Mai Katuri a 942 da Mai Ayoma a 961 da Mai Bulu a 1019 da Mai Arki a 1035 da Mai Shu a 1077.
Fadar Shehu Umar Sanda Kyarimi da Majalisarsa a Dikwa
“Tun zamanin Sarkin Saifuwa Mai Hume Djilme a wajajen 1080 aka fara Daula ta Musulunci har zuwa sauran sarakunan da aka yi,” a cewar Zanna Boguma.
Ya ce, a zamanin Daular Musulunci ta Saifuwa an yi Sarakuna da suka haɗa da; Mai Dunama Humemi da ya yi mulki daga shekarar 1098 zuwa 1150, da Mai Biri Ibn Dunoma da ya yi mulki daga shekarar 1150 zuwa 1176, da Mai Bikoru Ibn Biri Dunomami da ya yi zamani daga 1176 zuwa 1193.
Mai Ahmad ne Sarkin Saifuwa na ƙarshe, kafin zamanin Daular El-Kanemi.
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Sarakunan Saifuwa kafin El-Kanemi
- Mai Ali Gaji Ibn Dunoma 1465-1497
- Mai Idris Katagarma 1497-1519
- Mai Muhammed Ibn Idris 1519-1538
- Mai Ali Dinar Ibn Idris 1538-1538
- Mai Dunoma Ibn Muhammad 1539-1557
- Mai Abdallah Ibn Dunoma I 1557-1564
- Mai Idris Alauma Ibn Ali II 1564-1596
- Mai Muhammad Ibn Idris II 1596-1617
- Mai Ibrahim Ibn Idris II 1617-1619
- Mai Umar Ibn Idris II 1619-1639
- Mai Ali Ibn Umar 1639-1677
- Mai Idris Ibn Ali 1677-1696
- Mai Dunoma II Ibn Ali 1686-1715
- Mai Hamdu Ibn Ali 1715-1729
- Mai Muhammad Ibn Hamdu 1729-1744
- Mai Dunoma III Ibn Muhammad 1744-1747
- Mai Ali Ibn Hamdu 1747-1792
- Mai Ahmad III Ibn Ali 1792-1808
- Mai Dunoma Ibn Ahmad 1808-1811
- Mai Muhammad Ngeleruma 1811-1814
- Mai Dunoma na biyar Ibn Ahmad 1814-1817
- Mai Ali Ibn Ibrahim (Minargema) 1846-1846
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Farfesa Ajiri ya ce, ƙarshen mulkin Saifuwa ya zo ƙarshe ne a lokacin da Fulani suka kawo hari suka ci garin Gazargamu da yaƙi, (tsohon Babban Birnin Daular Borno).
Goni Mukhtar ne ya yaƙi Gazargamu, inda ya kori Mai na Saifuwa tare da taimakon Shehu El-Kanemi.
El-Kanemi ne ya taimaka aka kori Fulani daga Borno.
Farfesa Ajiri ya ce, bayan an kashe Goni Muktar a Damaturu ne kuma Mai Ahmad na Saifuwa ya rasu, daga nan El-Kanemi ya zama Sarki a wajajen 1810 zuwa 1814.
El-Kanemi ya ci gaba da mulki a Daular Saifuwa duk da cewa, shi ba daga zuriyar Saifuwa ba ne.
Farfesa ya ce, El-Kanemi ya kafa Daular El-Kanemi 1814 a birnin Kukawa, wato shekaru sama da 200 a yanzu.
1809 – Kasuwar Kukawa a tsohuwar Borno
“Idan an haɗa shekaru kusan 800 na Daular Saifuwa da shekaru sama da 200 zai kasance shekarun Daular Borno sama da 1000.”
Shehu Mohammed el Amin El-Kanemi ya fara kafa Daula ne a Ngurno tare da ba Mai Dunoma na Tara Lefami matsayin sarki a Kanem daga Daular Saifuwa daga 1814 zuwa 1817.
Mai Ibrahim na huɗu Ibn Dunoma Lefami ne ya gaji Dunoma a matsayin Sarkin Saifuwa a Kanem.
Bayan El-Kanemi ya karɓi mulki ne Sarautar Borno ta sauya daga Saifuwa zuwa Shehu ElKanemi.
Masanin tarihi Zanna Boguma ya ce, laƙabin Sarautar Borno ta sauya daga “Mai” ma’ana “Sarki” zuwa “Shehu” bayan kafuwar ElKanemi, saɓanin Sarakunan farko.
Shehu Abubakar Garbai Kakan Shehun Borno na yanzu Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai
“Bayan El-Kanemi ya samu mulkin Borno, daga nan ne ya ce shi ba zai amince a kira shi da “Mai” ba, saboda shi Malami ne.”
“Don haka ya ce, zai kira kansa a matsayin Shehu, wato Malami, inda ya haɗa mulki da malamanta,” a cewar Zanna Boguma.
Ya kuma ce: “Wannan ne dalilin da ya sa duk waɗanda suka zama Sarakuna a Borno ake kiransu Shehu daga Gidan El Kanemi.”
Shehu Umar Kura ne ya gaji mahaifinsa Shehu Muhammad El Amin El-Kanemi a matsayin Sarkin Borno daga 1835 zuwa 1853.
Sarakunan El-Kanemi
Kamar yadda bayanai suka gabata, an yi shekaru da dama da kafuwar Daular Borno kafin zuwan El-Kanemi.
Sarakunan Borno zamanin Daular Elkanemi kafin Rabeh ya ci Borno da yaƙi sun haɗa da:
- Shehu Mohammed Al-Amin El-Kanemi 1814-1846
- Shehu Umar Kura Dan Shehu Mohammed El-Kanemi 1835-1853
- Shehu Abdul Rahman Ibn Muhammad El-Kanemi 1853-1854
- Shehu Umar Kura Ibn Muhammad Elkanemi 1854-1880
- Shehu Bukar Zarami Kura Ibn Umar 1880-1884
- Shehu Ibrahim Ibn Umar 1884-1885
- Shehu Hashimi Ibn Umar 1885-1893
- Shehu Kyari Ibn Bukar Zarami 1893-1894
- Shehu Sanda Limananbe Wuduroma Ibn Bukar Zarami 1894-?
Shehu Umar Kura, na cikin Sarakunan Borno da suka fi daɗewa a mulki.
Sai Shehu Sanda Kyari wanda ya shafe shekaru kusan 40 ya na mulki.
Daular Borno ta yi zama a ƙarƙashin Turawan Birtaniya da Jamus
Shehu Mustapha Umar El Kanemi, shi ma Sarki ne da ya daɗe, inda ya yi shekaru 34 ya na mulki.
Shehu Garbai kakan Shehu na yanzu ma ya daɗe, inda ya yi shekaru 24 ya na mulki.
Wane ne Rabeh?
Rabeh Zubair Ibn Fadlallah mutum ne da ya taso daga Sudan, wanda ke sana’ar fataucin Bayi, inda yake saye ya kuma sayar da Bayi.
Masanin tarihi Zanna Boguma ya ce, fataucin Bayi ne dalilin da ya sa Rabeh ya yaƙi Borno.
A 1893 ne Rabeh ya kawo wa Borno hari.
Sarakunan Borno bayan kashe Rabeh
“Rabeh Zubair Ibn Fadlallah ne ya rushe tsohuwar Daular Borno bayan ya ƙaddamar da yaƙi kuma ya samu galabar ƙwace iko ya mayar da Dikwa a matsayin babban birnin daularsa.”
Rabeh, ya kashe Sarakunan Borno guda biyu, Shehu Kyarimi da Shehu Sanda Wudoroma.
A 1900 sojojin Faransa na Mulkin Mallaka suka kashe Rabeh bayan ya yi mulki a shekaru bakwai da watanni bakwai da kwanaki bakwai a Borno.
Bayan sun kashe Rabeh ne suka aza Shehu Sanda Kura daga zuriyar Elkanemi a matsayin Shehun Borno a Dikwa a 1900.
A 1901 suka tuɓe shi suka kuma ɗaura ɗan’uwansa Umar Abubakar Garbai, kakan Shehun Borno na yanzu.
Lokacin Turawan mulkin Mallaka, tsohuwar Masarautar Borno ta rabu gida biyu inda Dikwa ta koma ƙarƙashin ikon Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na Jamus, bisa wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Turawan Faransa da Birtaniya da kuma Jamus na Mulkin Mallaka.
Daga baya Abubakar Garbai ya koma Sarkin Borno a yankin da Turawan Birtaniya ke iko.
A shekarar 1902 ya fara yin hijira zuwa Monguno kafin daga baya ya koma Maiduguri.
Lokacin da Dikwa ta koma ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniya, an samu Shehu guda biyu, Shehun Borno a Maiduguri da kuma Shehun Dikwa.
Tsarin Sarautar Borno
An kafa masarautar Borno da al’adunta ne a kan tsari na Musulunci.
Masanin tarihi Zanna Boguma ya ce, a zamanin farko na ElKanemi an bi tsari ne irin na Khalifancin Manzo SAW.
Ya ce, El-Kanemi ya na da mashawarta guda huɗu waɗanda kuma suka kasance kamar Majalisar Ƙoli.
“Mutanen sun haɗa da Malam Muhammed Terab da Malam Ahmad Gonimi da Ibrahim Wadaima da Aji Sudani waɗanda suka taimaka masa wajen shimfiɗa tsari na Shari’a da Adalci a Borno.”
Amma ya ce, bisa tsari na al’ada Borno ta na da tsarin sarautu 3,333, waɗanda suka ƙunshi na ƴaƴan gidan Sarki da Fadawa da Bayi da na Malamai.
Sannan akwai Sarautu na Sana’o’i kamar na Wanzanci da Ƙira da Rini.
Amma sarautun da suke da girma da kima sun kai 313.
Yadda ake Zaɓen Sarki a Borno
Shehu Umar Ibn Abubakar Garbai Elkanemi mahaifin Shehun Borno na yanzu
Idan Sarki ya rasu, bayan an yi jana’izarsa za a sanar da hukuma a rubuce cewa, Sarki ya rasu.
Daga nan waɗanda ke da alhakin zaɓen sabon Sarki za su zauna su yi shawara sannan su fitar da sunaye daga gidajen saraurar Borno.
Idan sun zaɓi sabon Sarki za su miƙa wa Gwamnati ta sanar.
“Masu zaɓen sabon Sarki guda bakwai ne da suka haɗa da; Shettima Kanuribe da Shettima Kuburibe da Yarima da Kaigama da Malam Terab” a cewar Zannah Boguma.
Ko Daular Usmaniya ta Yaƙi Daular Borno?
Jihadin Shehu Usman Ɗanfodiyo ya faru ne a 1804, inda ya kafa Tuta da daulolinsa a Ƙasashen Hausa a 1805.
Ɗanfodiyo bai yi niyyar ya yaƙi Borno ba, amma Fulani da suke zaune a Borno da ake kira Fulata-Borno ƙarƙashin wani babban malami Goni Mukhtar suka ƙaddamar da yaƙi.
Malam Goni Muktar ya rubutawa Ɗanfodiyo Wasiƙa ya na son a ba shi Tuta, ya na ganin Borno na buƙatar a ƙaddamar da yaƙi na Jihadi saboda a ganinsa akwai wasu abubuwan da ake yi na al’adu.
Ɗanfodiyo ya amince da buƙatarsa aka yaƙi Borno.
“Amma bayan yaƙin, El-Kanemi ya rubutawa Ɗanfodiyo da takarda cewa, bai kamata a yaƙi Borno ba domin Ƙasa ce ta Musulunci da sarakunanta,” a cewar Zanna Boguma.
Ya ƙara da cewa, akwai rubutun wasiƙar El-Kanemi zuwa ga Ɗanfodiyo a cikin Littafin ‘Infaƙul Maisuri’ na Muhammadu Bello Ɗanfodiyo.
“A cikin wasiƙar El-Kanemi ya nuna cewa, yaƙin da aka kaddamar ba Jihadi ba ne illa neman mulki da son Duniya.”
“Daga baya Ɗanfodiyo da El-Kanemi sun dawo sun fahimci juna inda suka amince kuma suka tabbatar da cewa babu abin da ke tsakaninsu illa aminci da ƴan’uwantaka ta addinin Musulunci.”
Zanna Boguma ya ce, Borno ba ta taɓa zama a ƙarƙashin Tutar Daular Usmaniya ba domin Borno, ta na da tarihi na Musulunci da malamanta sama da shekaru 1000 kafin kafuwar Daular Usmaniya a Sakkwato.
“Hakan ya sanya da aka yi Bikin cika shekaru 200 da kafuwar Daular Usman Ɗanfodiyo muka ce bai shafe mu ba, sai mu muka yi bikin shekaru 1000 da kafuwar Daular Musulunci ta Borno.”
Madogara
www.wikipedia.com
www.rumbunilimi.com
Borno Emirate
University of Maiduguri/ history department
BBC Hausa
