An fara kisan kiyashi a Rwanda lokacin da aka harbo Jirgin Saman da ke ɗauke da Shugaban Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana da shugaban Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira.
Daga: Muhammad Cisse
A shekarar 1994 a cikin kwanaki 100 kacal, kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Ƙasar Ruwanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan laifukan Yaƙi a Tarihin wannan zamanin.
A cikin wannan kwanaki 100 tsakanin Afrilu zuwa Yuli 1994, an kashe kusan Ƙabilar Tutsi da Hutu masu matsakaicin ra’ayi kusan Miliyan ɗaya.
Washegari ne aka fara kisan ƙare dangi. Sojoji, ƴan sanda, da ƴan bindiga sun kashe manyan ƴan Tutsi da ƴan Hutu masu sassaucin ra’ayi na Soja da ƴan Siyasa.
An kafa shingayen binciken ababen hawa domin tantance duk masu riƙe da katin shaidar zama ɗankasa ta Rwanda, wanda ke ɗauke da shaidar nuna ƙabilar da mutun ya fito. Hakan ya bai wa dakarun Gwamnati damar ganowa da kuma kaashe Tutsi masu tarin yawa.
A Yammacin ranar 6 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1994, aka harbo jirgin saman da ke ɗauke da Shugaban Ƙasar Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana, da Shugaban Ƙasar Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira, dukkansu ƴan ƙabilar Hutu, da makami mai linzami a lokacin da yake shirin sauka a Birnin Kigali na ƙasar Rwanda.
An kashe dukkan mutane 12 da ke cikin jirgin. Kisan da aka yi ya haifar da yunƙurin kawar da shugabanni masu sassaucin ra’ayi na Ruwanda tare da haifar da kisan kiyashin Rwanda, daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi zubar da jini a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20.
Ana ta ce-ce-ku-ce wa ke da alhakin kai harin, inda akasari aka yi zargin ko dai ƴan tawayen Tutsi na Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) a yunƙurinsu na kifar da Gwamnatin Habyarimana, ko kuma Hutu Power, da ke da alaƙa da Gwamnati, waɗanda suka fuskanci rashin yiwuwar raba madafun iko da su.
A shekara ta 2006, wani bincike na tsawon shekaru takwas da Alƙalin Faransa Jean-Louis Bruguière ya yi, ya kammala da cewa, shugaban kasar na yanzu Paul Kagame (a wancan lokacin Kwamandan RPF) ya ba da umarnin kisan.
A watan Nuwambar 2014, Emmanuel Mughisa (wanda aka fi sani da Emile Gafarita), tsohon Sojan Rwanda wanda ya ce, ya na da shaidar cewa Kagame ne ya bayar da umarnin harbo jirgin Habyarimana a Nairobi, lokacin da aka san cewa an kira shi ya ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin binciken na Faransa.
Rikicin Ƙabilanci na Ruwanda
A farkon shekarun 1990, Ruwanda, wadda ƙaramar Ƙasa ce mai ƙarfin tattalin arzikin Noma, ta na ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan al’umma a Afirka. Kusan kashi 85% na al’ummarta ƴan Hutu ne; Sauran Tutsi ne, tare da ƴan tsirarun Kabilar Twa, da ƙabilar Pygmy waɗanda su ne ainihin mazauna Ƙasar Ruwanda.
A Wani ɓangare na Jamus ta Gabashin Afirka daga 1897 zuwa 1918, Ruwanda ta zama amintacciyar Ƙasar Belgium a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar (League of Nations) a bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, tare da maƙwabciyarta Burundi.
Zamanin Turawan Mulkin mallaka na Belgium a Ruwanda sun fifita ƴan ƙabilar Tutsi tsiraru a kan ƴan Hutu, (don haka ƴan Tutsi su ne suka kasance masu Ilmin Boko tare da dafe manyan Madafun Iko), lamarin da ya ƙara ta’azzara ɗabi’ar ƴan tsiraru na zaluntar mutane da dama, lamarin da ya haifar da tashin hankali da ya ɓarke tun kafin Rwanda ta samu ƴancin kai.
Juyin-juya Halin Hutu a 1959 ya tilastawa Tutsi da yawansu ya kai 330,000 tserewa daga Ƙasar, abin da ya sa suka zama ƴan tsiraru.
A farkon shekara ta 1961, Hutu masu rinjaye sun tilasta wa Sarkin Tutsi na Ruwanda Gudun Hijira tare da ayyana Ƙasar a matsayin Jamhuriya. Bayan Zaɓen Raba Gardama na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a wannan shekarar, Belgium ta ba da Ƴancin Kai ga Ruwanda a watan Yulin 1962.
Rikicin ƙabilanci ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru bayan samun Ƴancin Kai. A shekarar 1973, wata ƙungiyar Soji ta ɗora Manjo Janar Juvenal Habyarimana, ɗan ƙabilar Hutu masu matsakaicin ra’ayi, a kan mulki.
Shi kaɗai ne ya shugabanci Gwamnatin Rwanda har tsawon shekaru 20, Habyarimana ya kafa sabuwar jam’iyyar Siyasa, ‘National Revolutionary Movement for Development’ (NRMD).
An zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Ƙasa ƙarƙashin sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki da aka amince da shi a shekarar 1978 kuma aka sake zaɓe a 1983 da 1988, lokacin da shi kaɗai ne ɗantakara.
A shekara ta 1990, Sojojin Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), da suka ƙunshi galibin ƴan Gudun Hijirar Tutsi, sun mamaye Rwanda daga Uganda (in da suka yi sansani), Habyarimana ya zargi ƴan ƙabilar Tutsi Mazauna Rwanda (Waɗanda ba su yi Gudun Hijra ba) da kasancewa ƴan ta’addar RPF tare da kama ɗaruruwansu.
Tsakanin 1990 zuwa 1993, Jami’an Gwamnati sun jagoranci kisan kiyashi kan ƴan ƙabilar Tutsi, tare da kashe ɗaruruwan mutane. Tsagaita wuta a cikin waɗannan tashin hankalin ya haifar da tattaunawa tsakanin Gwamnati da RPF a 1992.
A watan Agustan 1993, Habyarimana ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a Arusha, Tanzaniya, inda ya yi kira da a kafa Gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya wadda za ta haɗa da RPF.
Wannan yarjejeniyar raba Madafun Iko ta harzuƙa ƴan Hutu masu tsattsauran ra’ayi, in da nan take ba tare da jimawa ba za su ɗauki wani mummunan mataki na hana ta.
An Fara Kisan Kiyashi a Ruwanda
A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1994, an harbo wani jirgin sama ɗauke da Habyarimana da Shugaban Ƙasar Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira a babban birnin Kigali, kuma duk sun mutu babu wanda ya tsira (Ba a gama tantance ko su wane ne masu laifin ba. Wasu na zargin ƴan Hutu masu tsattsauran ra’ayi, yayin da wasu ke zargin shugabannin RPF.)
A cikin sa’a guda da haɗarin jirgin, Sojojin Shugaban Ƙasa, tare da Mambobin Sojojin Rwandan (FAR) da kuma ƙungiyoyin ƴan tawayen Huti da aka sani da Interhamwe (Waɗanda suka kai hari) da Impuzamugambi (Waɗanda ke da Buri guda), sun kafa shingaye da wuraren binkice kuma suka fara kashe ƴan Tutsi da Hutu masu matsakaicin ra’ayi ba tare da wani hukunci ba.
Daga cikin waɗanda kisan kiyashin na farko ya rutsa da su sun haɗa da Firaminista Agathe Uwilingiyimana na Hutu mai sassaucin ra’ayi da dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Belgium su 10, da aka kashe a ranar 7 ga Afrilu.
Wannan tashin hankalin ya haifar da giɓin siyasa, inda gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ta shugabannin Hutu masu tsattsauran ra’ayi daga Babban Kwamandan Sojoji suka shiga cikin aikata kisa a 9 ga watan Afrilu.
Kisan dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Belgium, ya janyo janyewar sojojin Belgium. Kuma Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ba da umarnin cewa, dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya su kare kansu ne kawai daga baya.
Kisan ya Yaɗu a Faɗin Ƙasar Rwanda
Kashe-kashen jama’a a Kigali cikin sauri ya bazu daga wannan birni zuwa sauran Ruwanda. A cikin makonni biyu na farko, masu gudanar da Mulki a Tsakiya da Kudancin Ruwanda, inda akasarin ƙabilar Tutsi ke zaune, sun yi tir da kisan kare dangi.
Bayan 18 ga Afrilu, jami’an Ƙasar sun kama da dama na masu adawa da su tare da kashe da dama daga cikinsu. Sauran abokan adawar sai suka yi shiru ko kuma suka jagoranci kisan.
Jami’ai su na ba wa masu kisan gilla kyautar Abinci, abin sha, ƙwayoyi da Kuɗi. Kafofin yaɗa labarai da Gwamnati ke ɗaukar nauyinsu sun fara kira ga talakawan Rwanda da su kashe maƙwabtansu. A cikin watanni uku, an kashe mutane 800,000.
Ƴan tawayen RPF sun sake fafatawa, kuma Yaƙin Basasa ya ɓarke tare da kisan kiyashi. Ya zuwa farkon watan Yuli, dakarun RPF sun sami iko a yawancin ƙasar, ciki har da Kigali.
Dangane da hakan, fiye da mutane Miliyan 2, kusan dukkansu ƴan ƙabilar Hutu ne, suka tsere daga Rwanda, su ka cunkushe a sansanonin ƴan gudun hijira a Kongo (wanda ake kira Zaire a lokacin) da sauran ƙasashe maƙwabta.
Bayan nasarar da ta samu, jam’iyyar RPF ta kafa Gwamnatin haɗin guiwa irin wadda aka amince da ita a Arusha, inda Pasteur Bizimungu ɗan ƙabilar Hutu ya zama Shugaban Ƙasa da Paul Kagame ɗan Tutsi a matsayin mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa da kuma Ministan Tsaro.
An haramta jam’iyyar NRMD ta Habyarimana wadda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya kisan kiyashi, kuma wani sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki da aka yi a shekarar 2003 ya kawar da batun ƙabilanci.
Sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulkin ya biyo bayan zaɓen Paul Kagame na tsawon shekaru 10 a matsayin shugaban ƙasar Rwanda da kuma zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokokin Kasar karo na farko.
Martanin Duniya
Kamar dai yadda aka yi ta’asar da aka yi a tsohuwar Yugoslavia a lokaci guda, ƙasashen Duniya sun kasance a gefe ɗaya a lokacin kisan ƙare dangi na Ruwanda. (ma’ana sun kasa kataɓus).
Ƙuri’ar da Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Ɗinkin ya yi a watan Afrilun 1994 ya kai ga janye yawancin aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNAMIR), wanda ya haifar da faɗuwar da taimakawa tare da miƙa mulki ga Gwamnati ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar Arusha.
Yayin da rahotannin kisan kiyashi ke yaɗuwa, Kwamitin Sulhu ya kaɗa Ƙuri’a a tsakiyar watan Mayu don samar da ƙarin dakaru masu ƙarfi da suka haɗa da Sojoji fiye da 5,000. A lokacin da rundunar ta isa Ƙasar amma duk da haka, an shafe watanni ana yin kisan ƙare dangi.
A wani tsoma bakin Faransa na daban da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince, sojojin Faransa sun shiga Rwanda daga Zaire a ƙarshen watan Yuni. Dangane da ci gaban da RPF ke samu cikin sauri, sun taƙaita tsoma bakinsu ne a kan “Ayyukan jin ƙai” da aka kafa a Kudu maso Yammacin Ƙasar Ruwanda, inda suka ceci dubun-dubatan ƴan Ƙabilar Tutsi amma kuma sun taimaka wa wasu masu shirya kisan ƙare dangi.
Bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a ƙasar Ruwanda, da dama daga cikin manyan mutane a Ƙasashen duniya sun koka da yadda Ƙasashen waje suka jahilci lamarin da kuma kasa ɗaukar mataki domin hana aukuwar wannan ta’asa.
Shari’ar Kisan Ƙare Dangi na Rwanda
A cikin Oktoba 1994, Kotun Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Ruwanda (ICTR), wacce ke Tanzaniya, an kafa ta a matsayin tsawaita Kotun Hukunta Laifukan Ƙasa da Ƙasa na tsohuwar Yugoslavia (ICTY) a Hague, kotun Kasa da Kasa ta farko tun bayan shari’ar Nuremburg na 1945-46, kuma ta farko tare da umarnin gurfanar da Masu laifin kisan ƙare dangi.
A cikin 1995, ICTR ta fara tuhuma tare da gwada wasu manyan mutane kan rawar da suka taka a kisan kiyashin Rwanda; Tsarin ya ƙara yin wahala saboda ba a san waɗanda ake zargin da yawa ba.
An ci gaba da shari’ar a cikin shekaru 10 da rabi da suka biyo baya ciki har da hukuncin 2008 da aka yanke wa wasu tsoffin manyan Jami’an Tsaro da Sojoji uku na Rwanda bisa laifin shirya kisan kiyashi.
Madogarar Wannan Rubutu
History Channel on YouTube
United Nations Organization
The Guardian News UK
World Vision
University Of Minnesota USA
