Yaƙin Basasar Syria (Sham) dai wani Yaƙin Basasa ne mai ɓangarori da dama a Ƙasar Syria da ake gwabzawa tsakanin Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Syria ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon Shugaban Ƙasar Syria Bashar al-Assad da wasu dakaru na cikin gida da na waje da ke adawa da Gwamnatin Syria da kuma juna, ta fuskoki daban-daban.
Fiye da shekaru 13 ke nan da Syria ta tsunduma cikin Yaƙin Basasa, lamarin da ya haifar da Miliyoyin ƴan gudun hijirar da suka rasa muhallansu, yayin da mutane a aƙalla Dubu 380 suka mutu a sanadiyyar rikicin ƙasar.
Fage
Abin da ya fara tun lokacin da zanga-zangar adawa da Gwamnatin Shugaba Assad a shekara ta 2011 ta rikiɗe zuwa wani gaggarumin Yaƙi tsakanin Gwamnatin Syria da ke samun goyon bayan Rasha da Iran da kuma ƙungiyoyin ƴan tawayen da ke adawa da Gwamnati da Amurka ke marawa baya da kuma adadin karɓa-karɓa na ƙawayen Amurka, da suka haɗa da; Faransa, da Birtaniya, da Italiya, da Saudi Arabia, da Turkiyya, da Jordan, da kuma Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE).
Ɓangarori guda uku ne ke haifar da rikicin: Yunƙurin haɗin guiwa na fatattakar ƴan ta’addar da ke ikirarin kafa Daular Islama. Tashin hankali tsakanin Gwamnatin Syria da dakarun ƴan adawa, da kuma hare-haren soji kan Ƙurdawan Syria da dakarun Turkiyya ke yi.
A shekara ta 2013 ne ƙungiyar IS ta fara ƙwace iko da yankunan ƙasar Syria. Bayan wasu hare-haren ta’addanci da ƙungiyar IS ta ɗauki nauyin shiryawa a faɗin nahiyar Turai a shekara ta 2015, Amurka, da Birtaniya da Faransa tare da goyon bayan Turkiyya, Saudiyya, da kuma Faransa.
Sauran abokan haɗin guiwa na Larabawa sun faɗaɗa yaƙin da suke yi a Iraƙi har zuwa Syria.
Tare da waɗannan Ƙasashe sun kai hare-hare sama da 11,000 a kan mayaƙan IS a Syria, yayin da ƙawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta ke ci gaba da ba da goyon baya ga hare-haren ƙasa da dakarun Siriyan Democratic Forces (SDF) ke yi.
Tun a shekara ta 2016 ne sojojin Turkiyya suka fara kai hare-hare ta ƙasa kan mayaƙan IS tare da kai hare-hare kan ƙungiyoyin Ƙurdawa masu ɗauke da makamai a Syria.
Bisa buƙatar Gwamnatin Syria a watan Satumban shekarar 2015, ƙasar Rasha ta fara kai hare-hare ta sama kan abin da ta ce mayaƙan IS ne, yayin da dakarun Gwamnatin Syria suka samu gagarumar nasara kan ƙungiyar IS, ciki har da ƙwato birnin Palmyra.
A cewar ƙawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta na Yaƙi da ƙungiyar IS, jami’an tsaron Iraƙi da SDF sun ƙwato kashi 98 cikin 100 na yankunan da ƙungiyar ke riƙe da su a da, a Iraƙi da Syria ciki har da Raqqa da Deir al-Zour.
Tare da goyon bayan Rasha da Iran, Gwamnatin Syria ta ci gaba da samun nasarar ƙwace iko da yankunan daga hannun ƴan adawa, ciki har da tungar ƴan adawa a Aleppo a shekara ta 2016.
An zargi Gwamnatin ƙasar da yin amfani da makamai masu guba sau da yawa a tsawon wannan rikici, wanda ya haifar da Allah-wadai daga ƙasashen Duniya.
A 2013, 2017, da kuma 2018. Dakarun ƴan adawar dai na ci gaba da samun taƙaitaccen iko a Idlib da ke Arewa maso Yammacin Syria da kuma kan iyakar Iraƙi da Syria. Sai dai kuma girgizar ƙasar Turkiyya da Syria a shekarar 2023 ta sanya kusan ba zai yi wu a gudanar da ingantaccen mulki ba.
Ƙoƙarin cimma matsaya ta Diflomasiyya ya ci tura. Tattaunawar zaman lafiya a Geneva kan Syria, taron da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ke marawa baya na samar da sauyi a siyasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Manzon musamman na MDD Staffan de Mistura, bai yi nasara ba wajen cimma matsaya ta Siyasa, yayin da ƙungiyoyin ƴan adawa da jami’an Gwamnatin Syria ke fafutukar samar da sharuɗɗan da za a amince da juna domin warware rikicin Syria.
An fara wani sabon zagayen tattaunawar zaman lafiya a Geneva a watan Mayun 2017 tare da tawaga mai wakilai 18 daga Syria amma tun daga lokacin lamarin ya ci tura. Har ila yau, a cikin 2017, tattaunawar zaman lafiya da Rasha ta fara a birnin Astana na Kazakhstan, da Iran, Turkiyya, da mambobin Gwamnatin Syria da shugabannin ƴan adawa masu ɗauke da makamai sun haifar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta tare da kafa yarjejeniya.
Sai dai jim kaɗan bayan sanar da tsagaita buɗe wuta, an sake kai hare-hare daga dakarun Gwamnatin Syria kan yankunan da ƴan tawaye ke riƙe da su a yankunan da aka wargaza.
Damuwa
Bisa ƙididdigar da ƙungiyar kare hakkin ɗan’Adam ta Syria ta fitar, an kashe fiye da mutane 600,000 tun farkon yaƙin.
A cikin 2023, Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa, sama da mutane Miliyan 6.9 a lokacin suke cikin gidajensu a wuraren da abin ya shafa, in da sama da Miliyan 5.4 ke zaune a matsayin ƴan Gudun Hijira a ƙasashen ƙetare.
Yawancin ƴan Gudun Hijirar sun yi hijira zuwa Jordan da Lebanon. sama da Siriyawa Miliyan 3.4 ne suka tsere zuwa Turkiyya, kuma da yawa sun yi yunƙurin neman mafaka a Turai.
A ƙarƙashin Gwamnatin Shugaba Donald J. Trump, Amurka ta fi fice daga Ƙasar Syria, in da ta bar sojojin Amurka kusan 400 a matsayin rundunonin tsaro.
A ranar 16 ga watan Janairu, 2019, wani hari a Manbij wanda ƙungiyar mai da’awar kafa Daular Musulunci ta ɗauki alhakin kai wa ya kashe aƙalla mutane 19, ciki har da Amurkawa huɗu. Kafin wannan harin dai, Amurkawa biyu ne kawai aka kashe a Syria tun bayan fara yaƙin da Amurka ke jagoranta.
Kawancen Kasa da Kasa ƙarƙashin jagorancin Amurka na ci gaba da kai hare-haren soji kan ragowar mayaƙan IS, da kuma wasu dakaru masu samun goyon bayan Iran.
Ficewar yawancin sojojin Amurka ya ƙara rashin tabbas game da rawar da sauran ɓangarorin ƙetare ke takawa a rikicin da suka haɗa da; Iran da Isra’ila da Rasha da Turkiyya da kuma makomar masu shiga tsakani. Haka nan, ƙara shigar da Rasha ke yi ya taimaka matuƙa wajen nasarar da Gwamnatin Syria ta samu na ƙwato wasu yankuna. Yayin da Rasha ta fito fili ta bayyana cewa ta na ba da tallafin kai hari ta sama ne kawai ga Gwamnatin, ta aike da ƙungiyar Wagner, wata rundunar kwangilar soji mai zaman kanta, don Yaƙi a Siriya.
Kasashen waje irin su; Iran, Isra’ila, Qatar, Rasha, Saudi Arabia, Turkiyya, da kuma ƙawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta, su na ƙara gudanar da ayyukansu masu kusanci da juna, lamarin da ke dagula Yaƙin Basasar tare da ƙara nuna damuwa game da wani tashin hankali da ba a yi niyya ba. Rikicin da ke ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula su ma sun taimaka wajen sake dawowar ƙungiyoyi masu tsatstsaurar ra’ayi.
Ci gaba na Kwanan nan
A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2023, Girgizar Ƙasa mai ƙarfin awo 7.8 da ma’aunin Girgizar Ƙasa mai ƙarfin awo 7.5 ta afku a Kudu maso Gabashin Turkiyya da Arewa maso Yammacin Syria, wanda ke ɗaya daga cikin bala’o’i mafi muni a wannan ƙarni.
Ya zuwa watan Mayun 2023, an ƙiyasta adadin rayukan da aka yi asarar ya kai kusan 60,000, inda ta kashe mutane 50,700 a Turkiyya da kuma 8,400 a Syria.
Rikicin Syria na shekaru 13 ya kawo cikas ga ayyukan agajin da take yi, shugaban Hukumar Samar da Abinci ta Duniya ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a matsayin wani iftila’i a kan bala’i.
A Ƙasar Syria kaɗai, an yi ƙiyasin Girgizar Ƙasar ta haddasa asarar Dala Biliyan 5.1.
Yunƙurin mayar da martani ga Girgizar Ƙasa na da sarƙaƙiya saboda rarrabuwar kawuna da ya samo asali daga Yaƙin Basasar Syria.
Yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Ƙasar Syria da Girgizar Ƙasar ta fi shafa na hannun dakarun ƴan tawaye a lokacin, kuma Gwamnatin Syria ta daɗe ta na hana shiga yankin. Don haka, dole ne Gwamnatin Turkiyya ta amince da taimakon agaji na Ƙasa da Ƙasa don wucewa ta hanyar ba da agajin jin ƙai ɗaya tilo tsakanin Syria da Turkiyya, wanda aka fi sani da mashigar Bab al-Hawa.
Sai dai Girgizar Ƙasar ta yi mummunar ɓarna a hanyoyin da suka haɗa Turkiyya da Syria, kuma Gwamnatin Turkiyya ta shagaltu da nata aikin agaji.
A ranar Alhamis 9 ga watan Fabrairu ne ayarin Motocin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na farko suka isa birnin Bab al-Hawa. A ranar Juma’a 10 ga watan Fabrairu Gwamnatin Syria ta sanar da ba da izini ga ƙungiyoyin agaji na Ƙasa da Ƙasa don shiga yankunan da ke hannun ƴan tawaye a Syria, amma ba su bayar da lokacin yin hakan ba.
A watan Mayun 2023, marigayi shugaban Iran Ibrahim Raisi ya gana da Shugaba Bashar al-Assad a Damascus don ƙarfafa haɗin guiwar Tattalin Arziki, wanda ke zama ziyarar farko da shugaban Iran ya kai Syria tun fara yaƙin.
A cikin wannan watan mayun ne ƙungiyar ƙasashen Larabawa ta amince da sake shigar da Ƙasar Syria bayan dakatarwar da ta yi na tsawon shekaru 12, duk kuwa da ci gaba da ƙaƙaba wa Gwamnatin Shugaba Assad Takunkumi da ka iya hana ƙasashen Larabawa masu arzikin Man Fetur zuba jari a ƙasar ta Syria.
A watan Yulin 2023, Firayim Ministan Iraƙi Mohammed Shi’a al-Sudan, ya tattauna batun fataucin miyagun Ƙwayoyi, dawo da ƴan gudun hijirar Syria, da kuma cire takunkumin da Ƙasashen Yamma suka ƙaƙabawa Shugaba Assad a Damascus.
Wa ke Riƙe da Iko a Syria Kafin Yanzu?
An shafe shekaru ana sa ran cewa yaƙin Syria ya zo ƙarshe bayan gwamnatin Assad ta karɓi iko a mafi yawan biranen Syria, kuma ta samu nasarar yin haka ne da taimakon Rasha da Iran da kuma ƙungiyoyin tawaye da Iran ke marawa baya.
Gwamnatin ta yi nasarar riƙe manyan wuraren da aka yi rikicin, amma mafi yawan sassan ƙasar ba su a hannun Gwamnati.
Daga cikin su akwai Arewaci da Gabashin ƙasar da ke hannun mayaƙan ƙurdawa masu samun goyon bayan Amurka, da ake kira Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).
Yankunan da ƴan tawayen suka mamaye na ƙarshe kafin yanzu su ne Aleppo da kuma Idlib da ke kusa da Turkiyya kuma mutane aƙalla miliyan huɗu ke rayuwa, sai dai mafi yawan su su na zaman gudun hijira ne.
Mayaƙan HTS ne suka mamaye yankunan, amma su na haɗaka da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu iƙirarin jihadi da suke zaune a yankunan.
Akwai kuma wata ƙungiyar ƴan tawayen da Turkiyya ke goyon baya mai suna Syrian National Army (SNA) wadda itama ta ke riƙe da wasu sassa.
Su Waye Ƴan Ƙungiyar Hayat Tahrir al-Sham?
An kafa ƙungiyar mai iƙirarin jihadi ne a 2012, inda aka ba ta suna al-Nusra, kuma bayan shekara ɗaya kacal ta sanar da biyayyar ta ga al-Qaeda.
Ana kallon Al-Nusra a matsayin ƙungiya mafi hatsari da ta taɓa yin fito na fito da shugaba Assad. Sai dai ana ganin ta yi ƙarfi ne saboda manufofin ta na iƙirarin jihadi ba saboda rajin kawo sauyi ba. Kuma a lokacin ana ganin tana da banbancin manufofi da babbar gamayyar ƴan tawaye ta Free Syrian Army.
A 2016, Al-Nusra ta ɓalle daga al-Qaeda kuma ta canza suna zuwa Hayat Tahrir al-Sham lokacin da ta haɗe da wasu ƙungiyoyin tawaye.
Sai dai Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Amurka da kuma Birtaniya sun ci gaba da kallon HTS a matsayin ƙungiya mai biyayya ga al-Qaeda, kuma suna kiran ta da suna al-Nusra Front. Amurka ta ayyana neman shugaban ƙungiyar, Abu Mohammed al-Jawlani, ruwa a jallo, har ma ta sanya ladar $10m ga duk wanda ya taimaka domin kama shi bayan ta sanya shi a jerin ƴan ta’adda da take nema.
HTS ta ci gaba da mamaye harkokin iko da birnin Idlib da kuma Aleppo, bayan ta murƙushe abokan hamayyar ta na al-Qaeda da IS. Ta kafa abin da ta kira gwamnatin ƙwato ƴancin Syria wadda kemulki da tanadin shari’ar musulumci.
A wata hira da CNN, Jawlani ya ce “Manufar boren nasu ita ce kifar da gwamnatin Assad” kuma ya ce a shirye yake ya kafa gwamnatin da za ta yi mulki bisa tanadin Kundin Mulkin Ƙasa.
Me ya sa Ƴan Tawayen Suka Ƙaddamar da Hare-Hare?
An shafe shekaru ana gwabza yaƙi a Idlib, inda dakarun gwamnatin Syria ke ƙoƙarin ƙwace iko.
Amma a 2020, Turkiyya da Rasha sun ja ragamar tsagaita wuta da ta kawo ƙarshen yunƙurin gwamnatin na ƙwace birnin Idlib. Tsagaita wutar ta yi nasara duk da cewa ana samun rikicin da ke tashi a wasu wurare.
A ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, HTS da ƙawayen ta suka ce sun ƙaddamar da yaƙi domin hana a mamaye su, inda suka zargi gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin da Iran ke gyon baya, da kai hare-hare kan fararen hula a Arewa maso Yamma.
Kuma wannan na zuwa ne a daidai lokacin da gwamnati ta yi fama da tsawon shekaru ana gwabza yaƙi, da yawan takunkumi da aka ƙaƙaba mata da kuma yaɗuwar rashawa. Ga kuma hankalin ƙawayenta na waje suna fama da nasu rikicin.
Ƙungiyar Hezbollah ta Lebanon da Iran ke goyon baya, ta taimaka sosai a shekarun baya, lokacin da Syria ta yi nasarar fatattakar ƴan tawaye, amma hare-haren Isra’ila sun hana samun irin wannan taimako a yanzu.
Hare-haren Isra’ilan sun kuma kashe kwamandan sojin Iran a Syria, da kuma daƙile hanyoyin da mayaƙa masu goyon bayan gwamnati.
Rasha kuma ta karkata ga yaƙin da take da Ukraine.
Wannan giɓi da aka samu ya fito da naƙasun dakarun Assad ƙarara.
Yadda Aka Kawar da Gwamnatin Bashar al-Assad
Zuri’ar Assad ta yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 53 a Siriya kafin Mulkin ya zo ƙarshe. Shugaba Bashar al-Assad ya ƙarɓi ragamar mulki ne a 2000, bayan mahaifinsa ya yi mulkin aƙalla shekaru 30.
A watan Disamba 2024 wata ƙungiya mai rajin Addinin Islama, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), ta yi nasarar ƙaddamar da hari mai muni a Arewa maso Yammacin ƙasar, bayan ta yi haɗin guiwa da wasu ƙungiyoyin tawaye. Ƴan tawayen sun ƙwace birni na biyu mafi girma a Syria, Aleppo, sannan suka danna Kudanci zuwa babban birnin ƙasar Damascus, suka kuma fi ƙarfin dakarun Syria.
Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da mamaya cikin sauri tamkar wutar daji, inda ta karɓe iko da birnin Hama da ma wasu da dama, yayin da yankin Kudancin ƙasar ya kuɓuce daga ikon Gwamnati.
Assad, ya shiga cikin mummunan yanayi yayin da manyan ƙawayensa irin su Iraq da Rasha suka gaza kai ɗauki.
A ranar lahadi 8 ga watan Disamba kwatsam! Sai aka sami labarin ƴan tawaye sun ƙwace Birnin Damascus na ƙasar, a inda Assad da iyalinsa suka gudu ƙasar Rasha don neman mafaka.
Me ƙasashen Duniya ke cewa?
Fadar White House ta ce shugaban Amurka, Joe Biden da jami’ansa na bibiyar abubuwan da ke faruwa a Syria kuma tana tuntuɓar masu ruwa da tsaki a ƙasar.
Siriya a Yanzu
A yanzu haka harkokin rayuwa sun fara farfaɗowa bayan ƴan tawayen da suka mamaye Siriya sun fara tattauna kafa Gwamnatin wucin-gadi, inda Firaminista ya ci gaba da riƙe madafun iko.
